How do interventions to improve the efficiency of acute stroke care affect prehospital times? A systematic review and narrative synthesis

Table 2 Impact of interventions on phases of EMS care measured in minutes (+ increased time, − saved time)

Lead author	Comparator/baseline call to hospital	Call to scene	On Scene	Scene to hospital	Call to hospital
Studies targeting EMS dispatch +/1 EMS clinicians
Berglund (EMD randomisation)	55	-6^a	+ 1	-2^a	−13^a
Berglund (EMS randomisation)	45	-2	+ 1	0	+ 3
Mohamad	55				+ 1
Puolakka (FRS)	41	-1	−3	−1	−3
Watkins	45	−3			0
Studies targeting EMS clinicians only
Frendl	NR		−2
Gorchs-Molist	49	+ 1	+3^a	+ 1	+5^a
Oostema	NR		−1
Puolakka	45	−1	-3^a	0	−1
Studies targeting whole system change
De Luca	36				−4
Kendall	57				+ 1
Wojner-Alexandrov	42	0	+2^a	+2^a	+4^a

^aindicates statistically significant result at p < 0.05. EMD = emergency medical dispatch, EMS = emergency medical services, FRS = fire and rescue services, NR = not reported

ISSN: 1471-227X