Table 1 Characteristics of the included reviews
Author (year) | Type of review | Search period | Topic | Population target age | Types / number of studies included | Countries | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effectiveness studies (Alcohol) | |||||||
 Barata et al., (2017) [18] | Systematic review | Jan 1966 to April 2016 | Effectiveness of ED brief interventions for patients at risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) for reducing alcohol intake and preventing alcohol-related injuries | All ages | RCTs (35 studies) | USA (33 studies); UK (1 study); Australia (1 study) | No data |
 Diestelkamp et al., (2016) [19] | Systematic review | Not limited to a specific range of years | BIs targeting adolescents and young adults following an alcohol-related event including non-Anglo-Saxon evidence and parameters indicative of acceptance, participation and implementation | Aged between 12 and 25 years | RCTs (7 studies) Additional evidence: Practice projects (6 studies) Non-randomised pilot study (1 study) Observational study (1 study) | RCTs: USA (4 studies); Australia (1 study); Brazil (1 study); Germany (1 study) Additional evidence: Germany (5 studies); Australia (2 studies); Switzerland (1) | 1,125 participants, ranging from a minimum of 94 to a maximum of 254 participants |
 Elzerbi et al., (2015) [20] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | January 2007 to August 2014 | Efficacy of BI at 6- and 12-month follow-up in primary health care and emergency department (ED) studies; examine variance in study outcome by the geographical region (European versus non-European) | Aged 18–64 years old | RCTs (8 studies) (RCTs in Primary Health Care (20 studies)—excluded from this review) | Europe (4 studies): UK (2 studies); Poland (1 study); Switzerland (1 study) Non-Europe: USA (4 studies) | Total 4,799 participants: European = 2,465 Non-European = 2,334 |
 Elzerbi et al., (2017) [21] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | Published before September 2016 | Direction and magnitude of difference between BI versus control group for reducing alcohol consumption in targeted injury and non-injury-specific studies at standard trial follow-up points | Aged 16–64 years old | RCTs (23 studies) | USA (15 studies); UK (2 studies); Switzerland (2 studies); Australia (1 study); Sweden (1 study); Germany (1 study); Poland (1 study) | 15,173 participants |
 Kodadek et al., (2020) [22] | Systematic review | Up to November 2018 | Preventive efficacy of SBIRT in adult patients treated for injury in the ED, trauma centre, or hospital setting | Adult patients | Total (11 studies): RCTs (5 studies) Observational studies (6 studies): Retrospective cohort (1 study) Prospective (1 study) Non-randomised (4 studies) | USA studies only | 3,119 patients comprised of 1,897 patients who received SBIRT and 1,222 patients who received usual trauma care |
 Kohler & Hofmann (2015) [23] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | Up to 24th September 2013 | Changes in alcohol consumption after brief motivational interventions for young people with existing alcohol use problems, who were admitted to an emergency care unit alcohol positive, with an alcohol-related trauma, or with a history of elevated alcohol consumption | Included some young people ≤ 18 years; excluded > 25 years | RCTs (6 studies) | USA (5 studies); Brazil (1 study) | 1,433 participants included in the meta-analysis. Sample size varied from 94 to 567 participants |
 Landy et al., (2016) [24] | Systematic review | Published in June 2014 and earlier | Effectiveness of BIs for alcohol misuse in EDs | Adult sample (majority 18 to 65 years of age) | Total (33 studies): RCTs (18 studies) Pre/post designs (14 studies) Secondary analysis (1 study) | USA (16 studies); UK (6 studies); Sweden (4 studies); Switzerland (3 studies); Australia (1 study); Germany (1 study); Poland (1 study); Spain (1 study) | No data |
 McGinnes et al., (2016) [25] | Systematic review | 1996 to 19th January 2015 | Effectiveness of preventive health interventions in the ED setting of 10 min or less or involving technology in reducing harmful or risky drinking; characteristics of effective interventions and feasibility issues or barriers to the introduction of preventive health interventions in EDs | Adults and adolescents | Total (13 studies): RCTs (12 studies) Quasi-randomised trial (1 study) | USA (8 studies); Australia (2 studies); Germany (1 study) Sweden (1 study); UK (1 study) | No data |
 Newton et al., (2013) [26] | Systematic review | 1985 to April 2011 | Effect of ED-based BI compared with standard or other care in reducing harmful and hazardous alcohol and other drug use and associated morbidities in youth | Patients predominantly ≤ 19 years | RCT s (9 studies) | USA (8 studies); Australia (1 study) | No data |
 Schmidt et al., (2016) [27] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | January 2002 to August 2015 | Impact of BI in ED on alcohol consumption | All ages | RCTs (including cluster randomisation or randomisation by time sequence) (28 studies from 33 publications) | USA (22 studies); UK (4 studies); Poland (2 studies); Australia (1 study); Brazil (1 study); Germany (1 study); Sweden (1 study); Switzerland (1 study) | 14,456 patients |
 Simioni et al., (2015) [28] | Systematic review | Up to 31st December 2013 | Interventions that effectively increase alcohol treatment utilization among ED patients with AUDs | Adults 18 or older | Total (7 studies): RCTs (4 studies) Controlled Clinical Trials (2 studies) Non-randomised controlled trial (1 studies) | USA (5 studies); UK (1 study); France (1 study) | No data |
 Taggart et al., (2013) [29] | Systematic review | 1990 to April 2012 | Use of brief ED interventions in the college-age population | 18–20 year olds | Total (7 studies): Prospective randomized trials (6 studies); Prospective (1 study) | USA (5 studies); Brazil (1 study); Australia (1 study); | No data |
 Yuma-Guerrero et al., (2012) [30] | Systematic review | Published before January 2011 | SBIRT with adolescent patients in acute care settings | Adolescents (11–21 years of age) | RCTs (7 studies) | USA studies only | No data |
Effectiveness studies (Smoking) | |||||||
 Lemhoefer et al., (2017) [33] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 4th October 2010 to 15th May 2015 | Update of the systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs published in 2012 (Rabe et al., 2013) | Any age | RCTs (4 additional studies; one published as an abstract) | US (3 studies); Canada (1 study) | 1,392 participants overall |
 Pelletier et al., (2014) [34] | Systematic review | Up to February 2014 | Smoking cessation interventions for patients in the adult or paediatric emergency care including effectiveness, feasibility, and appropriateness assessed by their impact on smoking cessation, all-cause mortality, patient satisfaction, practitioner time spent, non-practitioner time spent, & cost per quit | Any age | 13 studies with lowest risk of bias included: RCTs (12 studies); Prospective study (1 study) | USA (11 studies); Germany (1 study); Turkey (1 study) | No data |
 Rabe et al., (2013) [35] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | Up to 4th October 2010 | Efficacy of Emergency Department-initiated tobacco control (ETC) | Any age | RCTs (7 studies) | USA (6 studies); Germany (1 study) | 1,986 participants overall (sample size range: 40 to 1,044 study participants) |
Implementation studies | |||||||
 Gargaritano et al., (2020) [31] | Systematic review | Up to 27th June 2019 | Clinician perceived barriers for the implementation of alcohol screening and brief intervention in hospital settings | Not applicable (Clinicians of any age) | Total (25 studies): Quantitative studies (16 studies); Qualitative studies (8 studies); Mixed methods (1 study) | USA (9 studies); Canada (2 studies); UK (2 studies); Spain (1 studies); Australia (6 studies); Denmark (3 studies); Tanzania (1 studies); Taiwan (1 studies) | No data |
 Pedersen et al., (2011) [32] | Systematic review | Up to 25th November 2010 | Acceptance of screening and intervention and adherence to intervention programmes among emergency department (ED) and surgical patients with AUDs | Adults | Total (33 studies): RCTs (31 studies); Conducted in ED (28 studies); Conducted in surgical patients (5 studies) | USA (16 studies); UK (6 studies); Spain (3 studies); Australia (2 studies); Sweden (2 studies); Denmark (1 study); Finland (1 study); Germany (1 study); Switzerland (1 study) | Total population given in 18 of 28 studies; median size was 5,640 ranging 697 to 32,965 patients |