Table 5 Summary of evidence for effectiveness of brief interventions delivered in UEC on alcohol and smoking behaviour
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Quality Assessment (AMSTAR 2) | Â | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author (year) | Type of review | Study design | Intervention | Target age group | 2. Methods | 4. Search Strategy | 7. Excluded studies listed | 9. RoB – RCTs included | 9. RoB – NSR included | 11. MA—RCTs analysis | 11. MA – NRS analysis | 13. RoB—results | 15. Publication bias / impact | Key conclusions from reviews |
Alcohol interventions | ||||||||||||||
 Barata et al., (2017) [18] | SR | RCT | SBIRTa | All | N | N | N | N | NA | NA | NA | N | NA | Small reduction in alcohol use in low or moderate drinkers; short-term effect in reducing at-risk drinking |
 McGinnes et al., (2016) [25] | SR | MIX | Ultra BI; (10 min or less) | All | N | N | N | Y | NA | NA | NA | Y | NA | Limited effectiveness in reducing alcohol use in the short term |
 Schmidt et al., (2016) [27] | SR & MA | RCT | BI (5–40 min); 1 to 4 sessions | All | N | N | N | Y | NA | N | NA | N | Y | Evidence for very small effects on reducing alcohol consumption; no benefit from more intensive interventions |
 Elzerbi et al., (2015) [20] | SR & MA | RCT | BI (max 30 min); max 4 sessions | Adults (> 18) | N | N | Y | Y | NA | N | NA | Y | N | BI are associated with reducing alcohol consumption in hazardous and harmful drinkers at 6 and 12 months |
 Elzerbi et al., (2017) [21] | SR & MA | RCT | BI (max 45 min); max 4 sessions | Adults (> 16) | N | N | Y | Y | NA | N | NA | N | N | Non-injury specific studies are associated with a better response to BI than targeted injury studies |
 Kodadek et al., (2020) [22] | SR | MIX | SBIRTa | Adults | N | N | N | N | N | NA | NA | Y | NA | Conditional recommendation for SBIRT in emergency department/ trauma centre to reduce alcohol-related injury |
 Landy et al., (2016) [24] | SR | RCT | BI (5–60 min); single session | Adults (> 18) | N | N | N | N | N | NA | NA | Y | NA | BIs may not be effective in reducing alcohol consumption |
 Diestelkamp et al., (2016) [19] | SR | MIX | BI (max 60 min); max 3 sessions; | CYP (11–25) | N | N | N | Y | N | NA | NA | Y | NA | Heterogeneity in study design and effects limits conclusions on effectiveness of BIs in young patients |
 Kohler & Hofmann (2015) [23] | SR & MA | RCT | Motivational interviewinga | CYP (11–25) | N | N | N | N | NA | N | NA | Y | Y | MI as effective/more effective than other BI in emergency care to reduce alcohol consumption in young people |
 Newton et al., (2013) [26] | SR | RCT | BI (time limited); 1 or 2 sessions | CYP (11–25) | N | N | N | Y | NA | NA | NA | N | NA | Benefits of assessing ED-based BI to reduce alcohol use remains inconclusive due to variation in outcomes assessed / poor study quality |
 Taggart et al., (2013) [29] | SR | MIX | Standardised treatment | CYP (11–25) | N | N | N | N | N | NA | NA | N | NA | Interventions show promise but more research is needed to determine short- and long-term efficacy in college students |
 Yuma-Guerrero et al., (2012) [30] | SR | RCT | BIa | CYP (11–25) | N | N | N | N | NA | NA | NA | N | NA | It is unclear whether SBIRT is effective in reducing risky alcohol use in adolescent patients |
Smoking interventions | ||||||||||||||
 Lemhoefer et al., (2017) [33] | SR & MA | RCT | Smoking cessation interventions | All | N | N | N | N | NA | N | NA | N | Y | ED-initiated tobacco control is effective in promoting tobacco use abstinence up to 12 months post intervention |
 Pelletier et al., (2014) [34] | SR | MIX | Smoking cessation interventions | All | P-Y | N | N | Y | N | NA | NA | Y | NA | Most studies did not report significant differences in tobacco abstinence; those which did used MI-based interventions |
 Rabe et al., (2013) [35] | SR & MA | RCT | Smoking cessation interventions | All | N | N | N | N | NA | N | NA | N | Y | ED-initiated tobacco control with MI and booster phone calls showed a trend toward tobacco abstinence up to 12 months |