Table 2 Emergency life-saving interventions and diagnostic procedures in studies concerning resuscitation room management of patients suffer from non-traumatic critical illness. Comparison between the current OBSERvE-DUS study and three studies from other German sides

Out-of-hospital EMS setting [n, (%)]

venous access

379 (61.0)

515 (96.8)

404 (88.4)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

12-lead-ECG

344 (55.4)

266 (50.0)

200 (43.8)

not reported

^a0.0672, ^b0.0002, ^cn.a.

airway management

125 (20.1)

163 (30.6)

158 (34.5)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

mechanical ventilation

125 (20.1)

160 (30.1)

158 (34.5)

not reported

^a0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

catecholamines

56 (9.0)

128 (24.0)

88 (19.3)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

CPR

73 (11.8)

98 (18.4)

92 (20.1)

not reported

^a0.0017, ^b0.0002, ^cn.a.

non-invasive ventilation

35 (5.6)

37 (7.0)

57 (12.5)

not reported

0.3276, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

intraosseous access

21 (3.4)

18 (3.4)

12 (2.6)

not reported

^a1.0000, ^b0.4513, ^cn.a.

arterial line

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

not reported

^a1.0000, ^b1.0000, ^cn.a.

rescue thrombolysis

1 (0.2)

3 (0.6)

7 (1.5)

not reported

^a0.2742, ^b0.0146, ^cn.a.

chest tube

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

not reported

^a1.000, ^b1.000, ^cn.a.

therapeutic hypothermia

0 (0.0)

4 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

not reported

^a1.000, ^b1.000, ^cn.a.

ACCD

8 (1.3)

18 (3.4)

41 (9.0)

not reported

^a0.0170, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

ED resuscitation room setting [n, (%)]

venous access

617 (99.4)

409 (76.9)

352 (77.0)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

12-lead-ECG

540 (87.0)

460 (86.5)

362 (79.2)

not reported

^a0.8028, ^b0.0006, ^cn.a.

airway management

212 (34.1)

141 (27.1)

107 (23.4)

56 (29.0)

^a0.0104, ^b0.0001, ^c0.1880

mechanical ventilation

211 (34.0)

304 (57.2)

251 (55.0)

56 (29.0)

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^c0.1966

catecholamines

189 (30.4)

128 (24.1)

144 (31.5)

48 (24.9)

^a0.0170, ^b0.6994, ^c0.1420

CPR

40 (6.4)

65 (12.2)

60 (13.1)

19 (9.8)

^a0.0006, ^b0.0002, ^c0.1108

non-invasive ventilation/HFNC

73 (11.7)

87 (16.4)

89 (19.5)

60 (31.1)

^a0.0214, ^b0.0004, ^c<0.0001

intraosseous access

4 (0.6)

1 (0.2)

3 (0.7)

6 (3.1)

^a0.2927, ^b0.8391, ^c0.0052

arterial line

320 (51.5)

309 (58.1)

245 (53.6)

78 (40.4)

^a0.0249, ^b0.4953, ^c0.0071

central venous line

193 (31.1)

not reported

not reported

8 (4.2)

^an.a., ^bn.a.^c<0.0001

rescue thrombolysis

80 (12.9)

13 (2.4)

5 (1.1)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

chest tube

23 (3.7)

0 (0.0)

4 (0.9)

4 (2.1)

^an.a., ^b0.0037, ^c0.2789

therapeutic hypothermia

2 (0.3)

20 (3.8)

5 (1.1)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b0.1035, ^cn.a.

ACCD

11 (1.8)

19 (3.6)

43 (9.4)

not reported

^a0.0570, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

ED Diagnostic procedures [n, (%)]

blood samples

609 (98.1)

496 (93.2)

383 (83.8)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

blood gas analysis

586 (94.4)

496 (93.2)

383 (83.8)

not reported

^a0.3982 ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

blood cultures

217 (34.9)

45 (8.5)

60 (13.1)

not reported

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

abdominal sonography (FAST)

102 (16.4)

not reported

not reported

not reported

^a,b,cn.a.

echocardiography

291 (46.9)

149 (28.0)

166 (36.3)

26 (13.5) ^c

^a<0.0001, ^b0.0007, ^c<0.0001

chest x-ray

313 (50.4)

227 (42.7)

126 (27.6)

not reported

^a0.0090, ^b<0.0001, ^cn.a.

CT/MRI

331 (56.8)

227 (42.7)

167 (36.5)

65 (33.7) ^c

^a<0.0001, ^b<0.0001, ^c<0.0001

gastroscopy

5 (0.8)

not reported

not reported

not reported

^a,b,cn.a.