Table 2 Clinical and management-related characteristics of TBI patients admitted in Amhara Region, comprehensive specialized hospitals, 2022
Variables | Category | Total (%) | Survival status | PDO | Incidence density | |
Death (%) | Censored (%) | |||||
Hypotension | Absent | 523(96.1) | 69(13.2) | 454(86.8) | 6362 | 0.011 |
Present | 21(3.9) | 12(57.14) | 9(42.86) | 202 | 0.059 | |
Hypoxia | Yes | 42(7.7) | 32(76.19) | 10(23.81) | 574 | 0.055 |
No | 502(92.2) | 49(9.76) | 453(90.24) | 5990 | 0.008 | |
Severity of TBI based on admission GCS | Mild TBI | 295(54.2) | 6(2.03) | 289(97.97) | 3159 | 0.002 |
Moderate TBI | 166(30.5) | 16(9.64) | 150(90.36) | 1796 | 0.009 | |
Severe TBI | 83(15.3) | 59(71.08) | 24(28.92) | 1609 | 0.036 | |
Pupillary reactivity to light | Both reactive | 434(79.8) | 23(5.3) | 411(94.7) | 4670 | 0.005 |
Unilateral reactive | 64(11.7) | 22(34.38) | 42(65.63) | 835 | 0.026 | |
Both nonreactive | 46(8.5) | 36(78.26) | 10(21.74) | 1059 | 0.034 | |
Hypoglycemia | Absent | 510(93.7) | 54(10.59) | 456(89.41) | 5893 | 0.009 |
Present | 34(6.3) | 27(79.41) | 7(20.59) | 671 | 0.04 | |
Hyperglycemia | Absent | 433(79.6) | 46(10.62) | 387(89.38) | 4860 | 0.009 |
Present | 111(20.4) | 35(31.53) | 76(68.47) | 1704 | 0.020 | |
Hypothermia | Absent | 441(81) | 53(12.02) | 388(87.98) | 4607 | 0.012 |
Present | 103(19) | 28(27.18) | 75(72.82) | 1957 | 0.014 | |
Fever | Absent | 323(59.4) | 17(5.26) | 306(94.74) | 3882 | 0.004 |
Present | 221(40.6) | 64(28.26) | 157(71.04) | 2682 | 0.023 | |
Seizure | Yes | 65(22) | 24(36.92) | 41(63.08) | 721 | 0.033 |
No | 479(88) | 57(11.9) | 422(88.1) | 5843 | 0.01 | |
CT scan | Yes | 344(63.2) | 47(13.66) | 297(84.38) | 3892 | 0.012 |
No | 200(36.8) | 34(17) | 166(83) | 2672 | 0.013 | |
Ct finding (N = 344) | Brain contusion | 125(36.3) | 9(7.2) | 116(92.8) | 1327 | 0.007 |
Subdural hematoma | 97(28.2) | 16(16.5) | 81(83.5) | 1114 | 0.014 | |
Epidural hematoma | 62(18) | 5(8) | 57(92) | 693 | 0.007 | |
DAI | 35(10) | 17(49.6) | 18(51.4) | 483 | 0.035 | |
Others ** | 25(7.3) | 0 | 25(100) | 275 | 0 | |
Comorbidity | Yes | 15(2.8) | 6(40) | 9(60) | 146 | 0.041 |
No | 529(97.2) | 75(14.18) | 454(85.82) | 6418 | 0.012 | |
Mannitol | Yes | 235(43.2) | 67(28.5) | 168(71.5) | 3519 | 0.019 |
No | 309(56.8) | 14(4.53) | 295(95.47) | 3045 | 0.005 | |
Neurosurgery | Yes | 247(45.4) | 24(9.72) | 223(90.28) | 3408 | 0.007 |
No | 297(54.6) | 57(19.19) | 240(80.81) | 3156 | 0.018 | |
Type of neurosurgery (N = 247) | Craniotomy | 134(54) | 17(12.69) | 117(87.31) | 1680 | 0.01 |
Burrhole | 42(16.9) | 7(16.67) | 35(83.33) | 718 | 0.01 | |
Elevation | 65(26.9) | 0 | 65(100) | 938 | 0 | |
Other* | 7(2.8) | 1(14.29) | 6(85.71) | 77 | 0.013 | |