Variable | Resident independent practice time (minutes) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All discharged subjects (n = 203,864) |  < 30 (n = 84,709) | 30 to 120 (n = 83,861) | 120 to 210 (n = 21,483) |  > 210 (n = 5,322) | Non-recorded (n = 8,489) | p value | |
Age, mean (SD), year | 50.2 (21.7) | 48.9 (22.8) | 50.8 (20.8) | 53.9 (19.9) | 56.5 (19.4) | 44.9 (21.4) |  < .001 |
Male, n (%) | 94,000 (46.1) | 40,986 (48.4) | 37,470 (44.7) | 9,238 (43.0) | 2,356 (44.3) | 3,950 (46.5) |  < .001 |
Vital sign | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Body temperature, mean (SD), °C | 36.9 (1.0) | 36.9 (1.0) | 36.9 (1.1) | 36.9 (1.0) | 36.8 (1.2) | 36.7 (1.2) |  < .001 |
 Heart rate, mean (SD), beats per min | 89.0 (18.7) | 89.8 (19.6) | 88.5 (18.1) | 88.6 (17.9) | 87.3 (17.5) | 86.5 (18.1) |  < .001 |
 Respiratory rate, mean (SD), breaths per min | 19.2 (2.1) | 19.3 (2.3) | 19.1 (1.9) | 19.1 (1.9) | 18.9 (1.9) | 18.3 (2.2) |  < .001 |
 Oxygen saturation, median (IQR), % | 98.0 (3.0) | 98.0 (3.0) | 98.0 (3.0) | 98.0 (3.0) | 98.0 (3.0) | 98.0 (3.0) |  < .001 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 135.6 (27.1) | 134.0 (27.0) | 136.3 (26.9) | 137.6 (27.4) | 138.5 (28.4) | 137.7 (27.0) |  < .001 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 77.7 (14.8) | 77.0 (15.1) | 78.1 (14.6) | 78.3 (14.7) | 78.4 (15.0) | 78.5 (15.0) |  < .001 |
 GCS-E, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  1 | 60 (0.0) | 37 (0.0) | 18 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) |  |
  2 | 184 (0.1) | 127 (0.1) | 43 (0.1) | 8 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) |  |
  3 | 547 (0.3) | 369 (0.4) | 147 (0.2) | 16 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | 4 (0.0) |  |
  4 | 203,073 (99.6) | 84,176 (99.4) | 83,653 (99.8) | 21,458 (99.9) | 5,304 (99.7) | 8,482 (99.9) |  |
 GCS-V, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  1 | 604 (0.3) | 392 (0.5) | 164 (0.2) | 29 (0.1) | 14 (0.3) | 5 (0.1) |  |
  2 | 707 (0.3) | 433 (0.5) | 219 (0.3) | 33 (0.2) | 14 (0.3) | 8 (0.1) |  |
  3 | 384 (0.2) | 229 (0.3) | 125 (0.1) | 22 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) |  |
  4 | 973 (0.5) | 594 (0.7) | 270 (0.3) | 71 (0.3) | 22 (0.4) | 16 (0.2) |  |
  5 | 201,196 (98.7) | 83,061 (98.1) | 83,083 (99.1) | 21,328 (99.3) | 5,265 (98.9) | 8,459 (99.6) |  |
 GCS-M, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  1 | 36 (0.0) | 20 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  2 | 24 (0.0) | 15 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |  |
  3 | 108 (0.1) | 67 (0.1) | 35 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  4 | 463 (0.2) | 323 (0.4) | 117 (0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) |  |
  5 | 1,418 (0.7) | 886 (1.0) | 407 (0.5) | 76 (0.4) | 27 (0.5) | 22 (0.3) |  |
  6 | 201,815 (99.0) | 83,398 (98.5) | 83,287 (99.3) | 21,383 (99.5) | 5,286 (99.3) | 8,461 (99.7) |  |
 Body weight, mean (SD), kg | 58.7 (19.7) | 57.2 (21.3) | 59.6 (18.8) | 60.4 (17.2) | 60.6 (17.9) | 58.9 (19.0) |  < .001 |
 Comorbidity | 55,189 (27.1) | 22,959 (27.1) | 22,181 (26.4) | 6,763 (31.5) | 1,839 (34.6) | 1,447 (17.0) |  < .001 |
 Coronary artery disease | 9,432 (4.6) | 3,953 (4.7) | 3,687 (4.4) | 1,148 (5.3) | 424 (8.0) | 220 (2.6) |  < .001 |
 Malignancy | 23,951 (11.7) | 9,979 (11.8) | 9,576 (11.4) | 3,021 (14.1) | 742 (13.9) | 633 (7.5) |  < .001 |
 Heart failure | 5,261 (2.6) | 2,411 (2.8) | 1,984 (2.4) | 563 (2.6) | 200 (3.8) | 103 (1.2) |  < .001 |
 COPD | 2,284 (1.1) | 1,116 (1.3) | 805 (1.0) | 248 (1.2) | 61 (1.1) | 54 (0.6) |  < .001 |
 Stroke | 13,177 (6.5) | 5,849 (6.9) | 5,064 (6.0) | 1,583 (7.4) | 403 (7.6) | 278 (3.3) |  < .001 |
 Dementia | 1,913 (0.9) | 983 (1.2) | 635 (0.8) | 207 (1.0) | 52 (1.0) | 36 (0.4) |  < .001 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 15,125 (7.4) | 6,653 (7.9) | 5,841 (7.0) | 1,789 (8.3) | 514 (9.7) | 328 (3.9) |  < .001 |
 End-stage renal disease | 3,922 (1.9) | 1,730 (2.0) | 1,570 (1.9) | 402 (1.9) | 136 (2.6) | 84 (1.0) |  < .001 |
 Hypertension | 41,707 (20.5) | 17,343 (20.5) | 16,750 (20.0) | 5,174 (24.1) | 1,409 (26.5) | 1,031 (12.1) |  < .001 |
 Liver cirrhosis | 3,722 (1.8) | 1,476 (1.7) | 1,561 (1.9) | 466 (2.2) | 125 (2.3) | 94 (1.1) |  < .001 |
 Peptic ulcer disease | 1,634 (0.8) | 708 (0.8) | 605 (0.7) | 211 (1.0) | 70 (1.3) | 40 (0.5) |  < .001 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 1,103 (0.5) | 516 (0.6) | 412 (0.5) | 118 (0.5) | 40 (0.8) | 17 (0.2) |  < .001 |
 Rheumatic disease | 4,232 (2.1) | 1,792 (2.1) | 1,743 (2.1) | 485 (2.3) | 128 (2.4) | 84 (1.0) |  < .001 |
Time of presentation | |||||||
 Month, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  1 | 18,614 (9.1) | 7,375 (8.7) | 7,904 (9.4) | 1,908 (8.9) | 470 (8.8) | 957 (11.3) |  |
  2 | 19,132 (9.4) | 7,963 (9.4) | 8,303 (9.9) | 2,269 (10.6) | 595 (11.2) | 2 (0.0) |  |
  3 | 18,656 (9.2) | 7,216 (8.5) | 8,461 (10.1) | 2,349 (10.9) | 630 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  4 | 17,672 (8.7) | 7,089 (8.4) | 8,120 (9.7) | 1,979 (9.2) | 484 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  5 | 17,854 (8.8) | 7,387 (8.7) | 7,983 (9.5) | 1,997 (9.3) | 487 (9.2) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  6 | 17,586 (8.6) | 7,055 (8.3) | 7,909 (9.4) | 2,101 (9.8) | 521 (9.8) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  7 | 17,398 (8.5) | 7,128 (8.4) | 7,809 (9.3) | 2,012 (9.4) | 448 (8.4) | 1 (0.0) |  |
  8 | 14,912 (7.3) | 6,795 (8.0) | 4,764 (5.7) | 1,349 (6.3) | 363 (6.8) | 1,641 (19.3) |  |
  9 | 14,306 (7.0) | 6,603 (7.8) | 4,731 (5.6) | 1,245 (5.8) | 276 (5.2) | 1,451 (17.1) |  |
  10 | 15,299 (7.5) | 6,828 (8.1) | 5,558 (6.6) | 1,427 (6.6) | 335 (6.3) | 1,151 (13.6) |  |
  11 | 15,634 (7.7) | 6,675 (7.9) | 5,861 (7.0) | 1,329 (6.2) | 323 (6.1) | 1,446 (17.0) |  |
  12 | 16,801 (8.2) | 6,595 (7.8) | 6,458 (7.7) | 1,518 (7.1) | 390 (7.3) | 1,840 (21.7) |  |
 Day of the week, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  Sunday | 35,195 (17.3) | 14,986 (17.7) | 14,571 (17.4) | 3,288 (15.3) | 706 (13.3) | 1,644 (19.4) |  |
  Monday | 29,509 (14.5) | 11,724 (13.8) | 12,061 (14.4) | 3,540 (16.5) | 993 (18.7) | 1,191 (14.0) |  |
  Tuesday | 28,080 (13.8) | 11,170 (13.2) | 11,835 (14.1) | 3,152 (14.7) | 791 (14.9) | 1,132 (13.3) |  |
  Wednesday | 25,177 (12.3) | 10,588 (12.5) | 10,268 (12.2) | 2,640 (12.3) | 645 (12.1) | 1,036 (12.2) |  |
  Thursday | 26,275 (12.9) | 10,864 (12.8) | 10,793 (12.9) | 2,856 (13.3) | 753 (14.1) | 1,009 (11.9) |  |
  Friday | 27,665 (13.6) | 11,584 (13.7) | 11,333 (13.5) | 2,951 (13.7) | 741 (13.9) | 1,056 (12.4) |  |
  Saturday | 31,963 (15.7) | 13,793 (16.3) | 13,000 (15.5) | 3,056 (14.2) | 693 (13.0) | 1,421 (16.7) |  |
 Time of the day, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  00:00–04:00 | 22,736 (11.2) | 9,342 (11.0) | 9,937 (11.8) | 1,829 (8.5) | 497 (9.3) | 1,131 (13.3) |  |
  04:00–08:00 | 17,765 (8.7) | 7,284 (8.6) | 7,980 (9.5) | 1,621 (7.5) | 270 (5.1) | 610 (7.2) |  |
  08:00–12:00 | 36,784 (18.0) | 15,042 (17.8) | 13,798 (16.5) | 4,766 (22.2) | 1,790 (33.6) | 1,388 (16.4) |  |
  12:00–16:00 | 39,866 (19.6) | 16,757 (19.8) | 15,804 (18.8) | 4,495 (20.9) | 1,146 (21.5) | 1,664 (19.6) |  |
  16:00–20:00 | 43,244 (21.2) | 18,247 (21.5) | 17,559 (20.9) | 4,700 (21.9) | 932 (17.5) | 1,806 (21.3) |  |
  20:00–24:00 | 43,469 (21.3) | 18,037 (21.3) | 18,783 (22.4) | 4,072 (19.0) | 687 (12.9) | 1,890 (22.3) |  |
 Triage level, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  1 | 114 (0.1) | 82 (0.1) | 23 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  2 | 29,090 (14.3) | 10,840 (12.8) | 11,728 (14.0) | 3,882 (18.1) | 1,304 (24.5) | 1,336 (15.7) |  |
  3 | 156,049 (76.5) | 62,829 (74.2) | 66,409 (79.2) | 16,754 (78.0) | 3,855 (72.4) | 6,202 (73.1) |  |
  4 | 16,075 (7.9) | 9,257 (10.9) | 5,132 (6.1) | 750 (3.5) | 146 (2.7) | 790 (9.3) |  |
  5 | 2,536 (1.2) | 1,701 (2.0) | 569 (0.7) | 90 (0.4) | 15 (0.3) | 161 (1.9) |  |
Waiting time, median (IQR), minute | 6.4 (10.6) | 5.8 (9.7) | 6.3 (10.2) | 8.2 (13.1) | 8.0 (13.0) | 10.4 (16.2) |  < .001 |
Hospital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 Academic, n (%) | 197,337 (96.8) | 80,419 (94.9) | 81,875 (97.6) | 21,309 (99.2) | 5,245 (98.6) | 8,489 (100.0) |  |
 Community, n (%) | 6,527 (3.2) | 4,290 (5.1) | 1,986 (2.4) | 174 (0.8) | 77 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) |  |
Complaint |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 Non-trauma, n (%) | 170,571 (83.7) | 66,546 (78.6) | 72,140 (86.0) | 20,023 (93.2) | 5,051 (94.9) | 6,811 (80.2) |  |
 Trauma, n (%) | 33,293 (16.3) | 18,163 (21.4) | 11,721 (14.0) | 1,460 (6.8) | 271 (5.1) | 1,678 (19.8) |  |
Outcomes | |||||||
 Revisit within 72 h of the last discharge, n (%) | 6,669 (3.3) | 2,712 (3.2) | 2,707 (3.2) | 794 (3.7) | 229 (4.3) | 227 (2.7) |  < .001 |
 Mortality within 7 days after the ED visit, n (%) | 102 (0.1) | 49 (0.1) | 34 (0.0) | 12 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 4 (0.0) | 0.601 |
 LOS, median (IQR), minutes | 128.4 (165.6) | 93.2 (235.9) | 120.0 (83.6) | 200.5 (81.4) | 319.8 (146.4) | 90.7 (88.6) |  < .001 |
 Medical expenses, median (IQR), dollar | 2,304.0 (2,558.0) | 1,979.0 (3,082.0) | 2,336.0 (2,036.0) | 2,972.0 (2,495.0) | 3,988.5 (4,473.5) | 1,497.0 (1,037.0) |  < .001 |