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Table 2 Summary of exclusion used to include ED admissions for model development and/or model validation. Information on predictor variables included and/or predictor variables applied in the model which is validated by the included studies

From: Models to predict length of stay in the emergency department: a systematic literature review and appraisal

Reviewed studies (references)

 

Lee S. et al. (2023) [16]

Zeleke AJ. et al. (2023) [17]

Lee H. et al. (2023) [18]

Kadri F. et al. (2023) [19]

Lee KS. et al. (2022) [20]

Srivastava S. et al. (2022) [21]

Etu EE. et al. (2022) [22]

Chang YH. et al. (2022) [23]

d'Etienne JP. et al. (2021) [24]

Laher AE. et al. (2021) [25]

Bacchi S. et al. (2020) [15]

Sweeny A. et al. (2020) [26]

Sricharoen P. et al. (2020) [27]

Rahman MA. et al. (2020) [28]

Curiati PK. et al. (2020) [29]

Chen C-H. et al. (2020) [30]

Street, M. et al. (2018) [31]

Exclusion criteria (participants)

 Left without being seen

 

y

     

y

         

 Left against medical advice

 

y

     

y

       

y

 

 Eloped

               

y

 

 Ed deaths

 

y

     

y

   

y

y

    

 Outpatient

                 

 Registration errors, incomplete data, missing data

    

y

y

 

y

y

   

y

    

 Elsewhere and not treated in the study EDs

       

y

         

 Visits with multiple missing time, invalid discharge times

            

y

    

 Other than trauma patients

       

y

       

y

 

 Other than mental patients

                 

 Based on age

y

   

y

y

y

y

 

y

 

y

y

 

y

y

y

 Refused research consent

         

y

       

Predictors included in the model developed (candidate predictors)

 Number of continuous variables

 

1

 

9

2

1

 

18

 

8

2

3

10

1

7

2

3

 Number of categorical variables

5

6

19

 

9

8

6

5

14

4

 

4

4

6

 

3

9

 Number of binary variables

   

3

             

 Categorizing continuous variables (y/n)

y

y

y

 

y

 

y

 

y

y

 

Y

y

    

 Categorizing all continuous variables (y/n)

y

y

y

              

 Preoperative risk factors (y/n)

              

y

 

y

 Intra (or post)operative factors (y/n)

        

y

y

    

y

y

 

Variables included as covariate

 Age

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

  

y

y

y

y

y

 Gender

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

 

y

y

y

y

y

 

 Race

      

y

 

y

y

       

 Marital status

        

y

        

 Mode of Arrival

 

y

         

y

 

y

   

 Admission type

                 

 Current diagnosis

 

y

 

y

 

y

y

      

y

   

 Mental state

             

y

   

 Smoking

                 

 Blood alcohol

                 

 Number of ED admissions

       

y

        

y

 Patient disposition

     

y

           

 Chief complaint

        

y

        

 Acuity levels

  

y

            

y

 

 Pharmacotrapy

                 

 ED occupancy

                 

 Medicine bed

                 

 Day of week

           

y

 

y

   

 Time of day

  

y

y

       

y

 

y

 

y

 

 Month of visit

                 

 Setting

     

y

           

 Disease type

           

y

y

    

 Death

y

        

y

       

 Observation with LOS > 24 h

                 

 Oxygen saturation after initial treatment

      

y

  

y

     

y

 

 Increased work of breathing

                 

 Tachycardia on entry

                 

 Wheezing only

                 

 Dehydration

                 

 Unit type

                 

 Insurance type

y

   

y

y

           

 Region

     

y

           

 Treatment area

                 

 Admission time

    

y

            

 Triage category

 

y

y

 

y

   

y

  

y

 

y

 

y

y

 Time to imaging request

                 

 Time to bed request

                 

 Time to pathology request

                 

 Time to clinician allocation

             

y

   

 Time to handover

                 

 Diagnosis group

 

y

     

y

         

 Month of arrival

                 

 Type of image request

                 

 Clinician group

                 

 Involvement by PARTa

                 

 Arrival time

  

y

        

y

   

y

 

 Day of arrival

           

y

     

 Hospital occupancy at arrival

                 

 non-FTb occupancy at arrival

                 

 FT occupancy at arrival

                 

 non-FT waiting to be seen at arrival

                 

 non-FT bed requested at arrival

                 

 FT waiting to be seen at arrival

                 

 FT bed requested at arrival

                 

 Discharge destination

           

y

     

 Type of usual accommodation

                 

 Compensable status

                 

 Source of referral

        

y

    

y

   

 Required imaging

                

y

 Seen by doctor(time)

                

y

 ED overcrowding

        

y

       

y

 Access block

                

y

 Required pathology

                

y

 ED arrival overnight

    

y

           

y

 Arrival by ambulance

       

y

        

y

 Lived in RACFc

                

y

 Required imaging and arrived overnight

                

y

 Model assumptions tested

                 

 X square

y

   

y

y

   

y

 

y

    

y

 ANOVA (one way)

  

y

  

y

y

          

 Kappa statistic

                 

 Kaplan meier

                 

 T test

  

y

            

y

 

 Fisher

         

y

       

 Mann–Whitney

                

y

 Kruskal–Wallis

                 

 Hosmer- Lemeshow

  

y

              

Reviewed studies (references)

 

Gill, S. D. et al. (2018) [32]

Zhu, T. et al. (2017) [33]

Chung-Hsien Chaou. et al. (2017) [34]

Mark B. Warren (2016) [35]

Prisk D. et al. (2016) [36]

Launay CP. Et al (2015) [37]

Stephens R. et al. (2014) [38]

Casalino, E. et al. (2014) [39]

Green N. et al. (2012) [40]

van der Linden C. et al. (2012) [41]

Nejtek V. A. et al. (2011) [42]

Ru Ding (2010) [43]

Chi, C. H. et al. (2006) [44]

Walsh P. et al. (2004) [45]

Tanabe P. et al. (2004) [46]

Jimenez, J. G. et al. (2003) [47]

Tandberg D. et al. (1994) [48]

Exclusion criteria (participants)

 Left without being seen

y

     

y

  

y

 

y

   

y

 

 Left against medical advice

      

y

    

y

     

 Eloped

      

y

          

 Ed deaths

           

y

     

 Outpatient

          

y

      

 Registration errors, incomplete data, missing data

 

y

y

   

y

    

y

   

y

 

 Elsewhere and not treated in the study EDs

           

y

     

 Visits with multiple missing time, invalid discharge times

           

y

     

 Other than trauma patients

            

y

    

 Other than mental patients

      

y

          

 Based on age

       

y

y

 

y

 

y

    

 Refused research consent

   

y

             

Predictors included in the model developed (candidate predictors)

 Number of continuous variables

 

4

4

1

 

11

1

 

1

 

1

1

1

 

1

  

 Number of categorical variables

 

3

3

9

7

1

10

 

3

 

8

3

3

 

0

  

 Number of binary variables

 

1

1

5

  

1

 

1

 

1

1

4

    

 Categorizing continuous variables (y/n)

 

y

 

y

y

 

y

 

y

 

y

y

y

  

y

 

 Categorizing all continuous variables (y/n)

 

y

 

y

y

 

y

 

y

  

y

y

  

y

 

 Preoperative risk factors (y/n)

       

y

         

 Intra (or post)operative factors (y/n)

                 

Variables included as covariate

 Age

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

y

  

y

y

y

 

y

  

 Gender

y

y

y

y

 

y

y

y

  

y

y

y

 

y

  

 Race

   

y

  

y

   

y

      

 Marital status

          

y

      

 Mode of Arrival

y

y

y

y

  

y

y

   

y

     

 Admission type

            

y

    

 Current diagnosis

    

y

 

y

   

y

      

 Mental state

   

y

      

y

      

 Smoking

             

y

   

 Blood alcohol

   

y

             

 Number of ED admissions

          

y

      

 Patient disposition

   

y

y

 

y

   

y

 

y

    

 Chief complaint

      

y

    

y

     

 Acuity levels

  

y

   

y

y

   

y

y

y

   

 Pharmacotrapy

   

y

      

y

      

 ED occupancy

   

y

       

y

     

 Medicine bed

           

y

     

 Day of week

  

y

y

  

y

    

y

     

 Time of day

 

y

y

y

       

y

     

 Month of visit

  

y

y

             

 Setting

            

y

    

 Disease type

            

y

    

 Death

            

y

    

 Observation with LOS > 24 h

  

y

         

y

    

 Oxygen saturation after initial treatment

             

y

   

 Increased work of breathing

             

y

   

 Tachycardia on entry

             

y

   

 Wheezing only

             

y

   

 Dehydration

             

y

   

 Unit type

      

y

          

 Insurance type

   

y

  

y

   

y

y

     

 Region

 

y

               

 Treatment area

 

y

               

 Admission time

 

y

               

 Triage category

y

y

  

y

            

 Time to imaging request

y

                

 Time to bed request

y

                

 Time to pathology request

y

                

 Time to clinician allocation

y

                

 Time to handover

y

                

 Diagnosis group

y

                

 Month of arrival

y

                

 Type of image request

y

                

 Clinician group

y

   

y

            

 Involvement by PARTa

y

                

 Arrival time

y

y

               

 Day of arrival

y

                

 Hospital occupancy at arrival

y

                

 non-FTb occupancy at arrival

y

                

 FT occupancy at arrival

y

                

 non-FT waiting to be seen at arrival

y

                

 non-FT bed requested at arrival

y

                

 FT waiting to be seen at arrival

y

                

 FT bed requested at arrival

y

                

 Discharge destination

y

                

 Type of usual accommodation

y

                

 Compensable status

y

                

 Source of referral

y

                

 Required imaging

                 

 Seen by doctor(time)

                 

 ED overcrowding

                 

 Access block

                 

 Required pathology

                 

 ED arrival overnight

                 

 Arrival by ambulance

                 

 Lived in RACFc

                 

 Required imaging and arrived overnight

                 

 Model assumptions tested

                 

 X square

  

y

 

y

y

y

y

y

 

y

 

y

  

y

 

 ANOVA (one way)

 

y

          

y

    

 Kappa statistic

             

y

   

 Kaplan meier

  

y

          

y

   

 T test

    

y

    

y

    

y

 

y

 Fisher

       

y

       

y

 

 Mann–Whitney

  

y

    

y

       

y

 

 Kruskal–Wallis

  

y

    

y

       

y

 

 Hosmer- Lemeshow

   

y

             
  1. aPlanning and Referral Team
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