ERASE: a feasible early warning tool for elder abuse, developed for use in the Dutch emergency department

van Houten, Miriam E.; Vloet, Lilian C. M.; Rikkert, Marcel G. M. Olde; van de Kerkhof-van Bon, Brigitte; de Rooij, Anneriek; Verhoeven, Marieke; Bil, Wilhelmina M. E.; Lucke, Jacinta A.; Schoon, Yvonne; Berben, Sivera A. A.

doi:10.1186/s12873-024-00971-6

BMC Emergency Medicine

Table 1 Overview screening tools ED/hospital setting/clinical setting not specified

From: ERASE: a feasible early warning tool for elder abuse, developed for use in the Dutch emergency department

Tool	E-IOA ⁽¹⁾ Cohen, 2006	EAI ⁽²⁾ Fulmer, 1984 & 2000	ED senior AID tool ⁽³⁾ Platts-Mills, 2018	CTS ⁽⁴⁾ Strauss, 1979	HALF ⁽⁵⁾ Ferguson & Beck, 1983	ISA-P ⁽⁶⁾ Hudson&Mcintos, 1982	PVS ⁽⁷⁾ Feldhaus, 1997	TQAS ⁽⁸⁾ McFarlane, Greenberg, Weltge & Watson, 1995	Questionnaire hemodialysis ⁽⁹⁾ Mahmoudian, 2018	CSNS ⁽¹⁰⁾ Friedman, 2017	AMA-STVAN ⁽¹¹⁾ AMA, 1992
PA	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	+
Psy A	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+
FA	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+
N	+/-	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
SA	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-
Setting	Hospital	ED and all clinical settings	ED	Clinical setting not specified	Health service setting not specified	Hospital	ED	ED	Dialysis dep.	Hospital	Clinical setting not specified
Duration (min)	120–180	12–15	< 1–3	10–15	unclear	unclear	unclear	unclear	unclear	unclear	unclear
Administered by	Healthcare professional	Nurse	ED nurse	Healthcare professional	Healthcare professional	Patient	unclear	ED nurse	Healthcare professional	Healthcare professional	Physician
Psychometrics	SE: 0.93 SPE: 0.98 Cronbα: 0.78–0.91	SE: 0.71 SPE: 0.93 Cronbα: 0.84	SE: 0.94 SPE: 0.90 Cronbα: missing	SE/SPE: missing Cronbα: 0.79–0.88	SE/SPE: missing Cronbα: missing	SE/SPE: missing Cronbα: missing	SE: 0.35 SPE: 0.71 Cronbα: missing	SE/SPE: missing Cronbα: missing	SE: 0.46 SPE: 0.73 Cronbα: missing	SE/SPE: overall value not mentioned. At cutoff point of 10 questions: SE: 0,11-0,20 SPE: 0,75–0,89 Cronbach α: missing	SE/SPE: missing Cronbα 0.73
Remarks	Long duration instrument, professional must be trained in use of instrument	Compre-hensive approach for screening suspected EA	Follow up by PhA if not confident on patient’s ability to report abuse; no questions only PhA on signs of SA	Limited in the EA context because not specifically developed for measuring this type of abuse	Assesses potential factors contributing to elder abuse	Directed at FeA and DV	Directed at DV	Directed at FeA and DV	Aimed at dialysis population	Directed at caregiver neglect	Component of a suggested protocol for the detection and assessment of EA

Abbreviations: + = type of elder abuse screened for; - = type of elder abuse not screened for; +/- = several instances of this type of elder abuse not identified; EA Elder abuse, PA Physical abuse, Psy A Psychological abuse, FA Financial abuse, N Neglect, SA Sexual abuse, ED Emergency department, FeA Female abuse, DV Domestic violence, PVS Partner violence screen, PhA Physical assement; 1 = Expanded Indicators of Abuse Screen; 2 = Elder Assessment Instrument; 3 = Emergency Department Senior Abuse Identification; 4 = Conflict Tactics Scale; 5 = Health, Attitudes Toward Aging, Living Arrangements, and Finances assessment; 6 = Index of spouse abuse-physical; 7 = Partner violence screen-physical; 8 = Two questions abuse screen; 9 = Questionnaire on elder abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis; 10 = Clinical Signs of Neglect Scale; 11 = American medical association screen for various types of abuse and neglect; SE Sensitivity, SPE Specificity, Cronbα Cronbachs alpha

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ISSN: 1471-227X

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