Table 1 Characteristics of the included patients
|  | All patients (n = 1096) | Ward group (n = 707) | ICU group (n = 389) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Age | 67.4 ± 14.7 | 67.8 ± 14.8 | 66.5 ± 14.6 | 0.145 |
 Male | 675 (61.6) | 428 (60.5) | 247 (63.5) | 0.335 |
 BMI | 22.5 ± 4.4 | 22.5 ± 4.4 | 22.7 ± 4.3 | 0.551 |
 Medical | 792 (72.3) | 497 (70.3) | 295 (75.8) | 0.050 |
 Surgical | 304 (27.7) | 210 (29.7) | 94 (24.2) | 0.050 |
Underlying disease | ||||
 Solid tumor | 182 (16.6) | 123 (17.4) | 59 (15.2) | 0.342 |
 Hematologic malignancy | 54 (4.9) | 41 (5.8) | 13 (3.3) | 0.072 |
 Chronic lung disease | 145 (13.2) | 109 (15.4) | 36 (9.3) | 0.004 |
 Chronic heart disease | 231 (21.1) | 145 (20.5) | 86 (22.1) | 0.535 |
 Chronic hepatobiliary disease | 102 (9.3) | 55 (7.8) | 47 (12.1) | 0.019 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 182 (16.6) | 120 (17.0) | 62 (15.9) | 0.660 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 116 (10.6) | 68 (9.6) | 48 (12.3) | 0.161 |
 Diabetes | 339 (30.9) | 213 (30.1) | 126 (32.4) | 0.438 |
 Transplantation | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0.938 |
Most recent vital signa | ||||
 MBP, mmHg | 86.7 (3.3 – 102.2) | 86.7 (73.3 – 100.0) | 86.7 (71.7 – 103.3) | 0.568 |
 HR, bpm | 103 (88 – 120) | 102 (88 – 116) | 106 (90 – 124) | 0.002 |
 RR, /min | 24 (20 – 30) | 24 (20 – 29) | 24 (20 – 30) | 0.325 |
 BT, ℃ | 37.4 (36.8 – 38.0) | 37.4 (36.9 – 38.0) | 37.4 (36.8 – 38.0) | 0.238 |
 SpO2, % | 95 (91 – 98) | 95 (92 – 98) | 95 (91 – 98) | 0.238 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
 WBC, × 103/uL | 10.38 (7.19 – 14.40) | 9.98 (7.1 – 13.8) | 10.8 (7.5 – 16.0) | 0.100 |
 Hb, g/dL | 10.3 (9.0 – 12.0) | 10.3 (9.0 – 12.1) | 10.1 (8.8 – 11.8) | 0.448 |
 Platelet, × 103/uL | 182 (116 – 261) | 192 (123 – 266) | 170 (101 – 250) | 0.018 |
 T-bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.71 (0.48 – 1.27) | 0.70 (0.45 – 1.19) | 0.80 (0.50 – 1.40) | 0.018 |
 Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.85 (0.62 – 1.47) | 0.78 (0.59 – 1.24) | 0.97 (0.71 – 1.90) | 0.002 |
 Lactate, mEq/L | 1.8 (1.1 – 3.1) | 1.6 (1.1 – 2.5) | 2.2 (1.2 – 3.8) | 0.213 |
 CRP, mg/dL | 8.8 (2.9 – 16.5) | 8.5 (2.9 – 15.7) | 9.0 (2.8 – 17.6) |  < 0.001 |
 SOFA score | 4 (2 – 6) | 3 (2 – 5) | 5 (3 – 7) |  < 0.001 |
 NEWS score | 8 (6 – 10) | 7 (6 – 9) | 8 (6 – 10) |  < 0.001 |
 Hospitalization period prior to RRT activation (Days) | 5 (1 – 15) | 4 (1 – 14) | 6 (1 – 17) | 0.268 |