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How effective are chest compressions when wearing mask? A randomised simulation study among first-year health care students during the COVID-19 pandemic

BMC Emergency Medicine volume 22, Article number: 82 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The resuscitation guidelines provided for the COVID-19 pandemic strongly recommended wearing personal protective equipment. The current study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of chest compressions and the level of fatigue while wearing two different types of mask (surgical vs. cloth).

Methods

A randomized, non-inferiority, simulation study was conducted. Participants were randomised into two groups: surgical mask group (n = 108) and cloth mask group (n = 108). The effectiveness (depth and rate) of chest compressions was measured within a 2-min continuous chest-compression-only CPR session. Data were collected through an AMBU CPR Software, a questionnaire, recording vital parameters, and using Borg-scale related to fatigue (before and after the simulation). For further analysis the 2-min session was segmented into 30-s intervals.

Results

Two hundred sixteen first-year health care students participated in our study. No significant difference was measured between the surgical mask and cloth mask groups in chest compression depth (44.49 ± 10.03 mm vs. 45.77 ± 10.77 mm), rate (113.34 ± 17.76/min vs. 111.23 ± 17.51/min), and the level of fatigue (5.72 ± 1.69 vs. 5.56 ± 1.67) (p > 0.05 in every cases). Significant decrease was found in chest compression depth between the first 30-s interval and the second, third, and fourth intervals (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The effectiveness of chest compressions (depth and rate) was non-inferior when wearing cloth mask compared to wearing surgical mask. However, the effectiveness of chest compressions decreased significantly in both groups during the 2-min chest-compression-only CPR session and did not reach the appropriate chest compression depth range recommended by the ERC.

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Background

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a global health problem. In Europe and in the US, hundreds of thousands of people die annually due to sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) [1, 2]. In Hungary, 45–50,000 people die annually because of different cardiac reasons [3]. The immediate recognition of cardiac arrest, activation of the emergency response system, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and defibrillation can improve the survival rates after SCA [4]. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan in late 2019 and rapidly caused a worldwide pandemic [5]. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is highly contagious. Evidence on the main routes of transmission remains limited and evolving, and influenced by several factors [6]. During the pandemic, the number of OHCA increased in several European countries but the rate of first responders providing help decreased [7,8,9,10]. In Sweden, 10% of OHCA patients were affected during the COVID-19 pandemic [11].

Introducing CPR training at schools is an effective way to improve the community response after OHCA. The KIDS SAVE LIVES campaign has been successfully implemented in several countries worldwide [12]. However, minimal CPR training is provided in higher education. Mandatory CPR courses would be necessary in higher education in every field, especially for health care students [13]. In Hungary, CPR training is compulsory for all medical and health care students, however, the competencies acquired before graduation are limited [14]. CPR competencies and knowledge of cardiac arrest vary widely across Europe [15].

High quality chest compressions (CC) without unjustified interruptions constitute the key element of effective CPR [16, 17]. The quality of CC can be affected by several factors (e.g. gender, body weight, general fitness, known diseases, etc.) [18, 19]. Rescuers’ fatigue can decrease the effectiveness of CC [20]. Based on the current guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), changing the rescuers every two minutes is recommended [16]. COVID-19 has a high impact on real CPR as well as on training. ERC reacted quickly to the pandemic situation and prepared new guidelines. The focus of the new recommendations is to decrease the risk of contamination for the first responder. Therefore, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) is strongly recommended [21]. However, a previous systematic review and meta-analysis showed some negative effects when wearing PPE during CPR [22].

The aims of the current study were to compare the effectiveness of CC and the level of fatigue wearing two different types of masks (surgical mask group [SMG] vs. cloth mask group [CMG]) among first-year health care students in a 2-min long continuous chest compression-only CPR (CCO-CPR) scenario. We hypothesized that CCO-CPR performace with wearing cloth mask is non-inferior to wearing surgical mask.

Methods

A randomised simulation non-inferiority study was conducted to investigate the effects of wearing two different types of mask (SMG vs. CMG) and gloves while performing CCO-CPR among health care students. The reasons for involving surgical masks and cloth masks in our study were: (1) during the pandemic the majority of the Hungarian population wear these types of masks and the ratio of wearing higher quality PPE (e.g. N95 mask) is rare in the general lay population; and (2) no previous studies have investigated the effects of wearing cloth mask during CPR. The following consumer-grade face masks were used by the participants in CMG: a 2-layer, washable, polyester mask with ear loops and without nose bridge (Rovitex Hungária Kft). In the SMG, medical procedure masks with elastic ear loops and aluminium nose bridge were used by the students (LND Pharma Kft.).

Participants

First-year health care students (dietetics, nursing, paramedic and physiotherapy) from the University of Pécs Faculty of Health Sciences participated in our study between September and October 2020. All first year students were informed about the study through a written form and were asked to contact the trial manager if they were willing to participate. Students were recruited for the study after their “First aid and resuscitation” course. This subject, taught to every health care student in the first semester of their university studies, contains two hours of theory and two hours of practice about adult basic life support (BLS). BLS content was based on the current ERC guidelines, including COVID-19 recommendations [16, 21]. All students were alternately allocated to the two different groups (SMG and CMG). Simple randomization method was used by computer generated random numbers when participants arrived (even – SMG, odd – CMG). The participants were blinded to their assigned groups until they were started the measurement. In addition, they were also blinded to the purpose of the study until the end of the study.

Study design and data collection

Data collection consisted of three different parts: (1) self-administered questionnaire; (2) vital parameters in relationship with fatigue; (3) effectiveness of CC through AMBU CPR Software (AMBU A/S, Baltorpbakken 13, DK 2750 Ballerup, Denmark).

The questionnaire contained the following data: type of mask, sex, age, smoking habit, known cardiovascular and/or respiratory disease, and prior first aid training. In addition, the questionnaire contained the Borg-scale [23] to collect information about the subjective feeling of fatigue before and after the 2-min continuous CCO-CPR session (1–10 points; 1 = does not disturb it, 10 = makes it very difficult).

Before starting the CCO-CPR session, body weight and body height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as potential influencing factors of CC quality.

The primary outcome of our study was to measure and compare CC’s effectiveness (depths and rate) in the two different groups. To evaluate students’ CCO-CPR performance, the AMBU CPR Software was used and the depth and rate of CC were detected during a 2-min-long continuous session. During the analysis, the 2-min period was segmented into 30-s intervals to evaluate data more precisely. The data of the software (CC depth and rate) were blinded for the participants during performing the CCO-CPR session so they did not receive any type of feedback on their performance.

The secondary outcome of our study was to evaluate and compare participants’ fatigue in the two different groups. The blood-pressure (BP), oxygen-saturation (SpO2), heart-rate/pulse (HR/P), and respiratory-rate (RR) were measured immediately before and after the continuous 2-min-long CCO-CPR session. To measure BP, SpO2 and HR/P, certified devices were used and RR was measured by inspection. All vital parameters were measured by an experienced paramedic. The subjective feeling of fatigue was measured by the Borg-scale as mentioned above.

All these situations were led by paramedics experienced in CPR training.

Sample size calculation

The sample size was based on expected differences in CC depth and rate. The mean standard deviation (SD) was for CC depth of 10.5 mm and for CC rate of 17.6/min. With a power of 80% and an alpha error probability of 5%, the estimated sample size was 110 for CC depth (non-inferiority margin of 3 mm) and 153 for CC rate (non-inferiority margin of 4/min). To cover both main data, we decided for a minimum sample size of 153 (minimum 77/group). We tried to recruit as many first year health care students as possible.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 24.0 (Statistics Package for Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA) statistical software. Descriptive statistics were performed (percentage, mean, standard deviation) to describe the sample. Study parameters were assessed for normality by using Shapiro–Wilk test which indicated normal distribution. A t-test was used to evaluate the association between effectiveness of CC (depth and rate), fatigue (vital parameters and Borg-scale), and the type of mask. A two-tailed p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

A total of 229 students were recruited for the study. Thirteen of the participants were excluded because of the exclusion criteria (in three cases CPR software did not record data and ten students did not complete the questionnaire and withdrew from the study before the CCO-CPR examination). After exclusions, the total number of participants was 216 (n = 216) (Fig. 1). After randomization, 108 students were included in the SMG and 108 students in the CMG. The main characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Study flow-chart

Full size image
Table 1 The main characteristics of the students (n = 216)
Full size table

Age, body weight, body heigh, BMI, smoking habit, known diseases and prior training were similar between the two groups. Most of the participants were female.

Primary outcome—Effectiveness of chest compressions

The effectiveness of CC was measured using the AMBU CPR software. The comparison of SMG vs. CMG are demonstrated in Table 2.

Table 2 The effectiveness of chest compressions performed by the students (n = 216)
Full size table

In the primary outcome, there was no significant difference between the mean CC depth (p = 0.41) and CC rate (p = 0.38) of the SMG and CMG. The depth of CC decreased significantly after the first 30-s interval (p < 0.01) (both in SMG and CMG) compared to the second, third, and fourth 30-s intervals but the CC rate did not change significantly over time. There was no difference detected between SMG and CMG during the 30-s intervals. The differences in depth and rate of CC between 30-s intervals are shown in Table 2.

Secondary outcome—Fatigue during performing chest compression

Vital parameters and subjective fatigue (based on the Borg-scale) are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Vital parameters and subjective fatigue (based on the modified Borg-scale) (n = 216)
Full size table

In the secondary outcomes, no significant difference was measured in changes the vital parameters and the Borg-scale between SMG and CMG. Borg-scale increased significantly in both of the groups (SMG and CMG) after the 2-min continuous CCO-CPR session (p < 0.01). No significant difference was detected in the Borg-scale between SMG and CMG before (p = 0.19) and after (p = 0.49) the 2-min continuous CCO-CPR session.

After performing CC, systolic BP increased in every groups (p < 0.01) but diastolic BP did not change; RR and HR/P increased (p < 0.01) but SpO2 decreased (p < 0.01).

Discussion

The main aims of our non-inferiority study were to compare the effectiveness of CC when wearing different types of masks (surgical vs. cloth masks) and to measure the level of fatigue during a 2-min long continuous CCO-CPR session among first-year health care students. We found no differences between wearing surgical or cloth mask on CCO-CPR effectiveness and the level of fatigue. The strength of our study is that to the best of our knowledge, no previous study investigated and compared the effectiveness of CCO-CPR when wearing only lower quality masks (surgical and cloth masks that are available for general population) and not high filtered PPE (e.g. N95). In addition, we investigated a wide range of first-year health care students (dietetics, nursing, paramedic, and physiotherapy). The participants of our study are considered laypeople at this stage of their studies. Previous studies primarily investigated graduates from health care programs or health care students immediately before their graduation [13,14,15, 24,25,26].

During the COVID-19 pandemic, wearing masks and other available types of PPE has been strongly recommended during CPR [21] because CC can be an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP) [21, 27]. A recent study demonstrated that both surgical and cotton mask seem to be ineffective in preventing the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 through coughs of infected patients with COVID-19 [28]. Another study revealed that the fitted filtration efficiency (FFE) of different cloth masks that are available for the public is nearly equivalent to or better than e.g. surgical masks in many cases [29]. Despite the previously mentioned results, cloth and/or surgical masks together with other strategies (e.g. social distancing and regular hand washing) can provide some reduction of contamination from expiratory particles [30, 31]. Prior studies primarily focused on a wider range of PPEs used during professional patient care and not lay-CPR [32,33,34,35].

In our study, there were no significant differences detected between the performance of SMG and CMG. The effectiveness of CC decreased significantly in both groups during the 2-min CCO-CPR session. Some vital parameters (BP, HR/P, RR) increased significantly and SpO2decreased significantly after the 2-min continuous CC session. Subjective fatigue based on the modified Borg-scale increased after performing CCs but it did not influence the performance of CCO-CPR (neither depth nor rate of CC). A recent study showed that health care professionals wearing N95 mask showed lower quality of CPR and fatigue in a shorter time period than participants wearing surgical masks [33]. In another recent study, which demonstrated results about medical students who wore full PPE, CC depth decreased after the first minute significantly in both groups with or without feedback device. The CC rate was better in the group using a feedback device [34]. Conversely, a very recent study demonstrated that there was no differences between the CPR performance of emergency medical service providers who wore and did not wear different types of masks [35]. However, owing to the current national regulations, wearing some types of PPE (at least a face mask) in the streets or at workplaces is mandatory, so in the case of OHCA in lay CPR there should be no delay in wearing it. Therefore, based on this limited evidence, wearing PPE is still recommended to protect bystanders from contamination [21, 27, 36].

In our study, there was no significant difference between the mean CC depth and rate in SMG and CMG. As previous studies have shown, there are several factors that influence the effectiveness of CC [17,18,19,20]. Students in our study performed poorer CC depth (44.49 ± 10.03 mm in SMG and 45.77 ± 10.97 mm in CMG) compared to the 5–6 cm depth recommended by the current ERC guidelines [16]. The CC rate (113.34 ± 17.76 in SMG and 111.23 ± 17.51 in CMG) was within the recommended interval (100–120/min). In contrast, a study from Norway reported data about higher quality CPR without wearing PPE, which supports the current recommendations among final year nursing students [37]. However, based on a previous analysis, CC depths between 40 and 55 mm with a peak at 46 mm were associated with highest survival rates [38]. During our investigation, CC depth decreased and CC rate increased over time, similar to the findings of a previous study [39]. The CC rate did not change significantly during the investigation and CC depth decreased significantly after the first 30-s interval compared with the second, third and fourth intervals. This result is in contrast with prior investigations among paramedics, which did not show deterioration in CC quality within the first 2 min [24, 25]. However, some other studies reported data about rapid deterioration in the quality of CPR after one minute, similarly our findings [40]. Therefore, changing the rescuer more frequently than every 2 min should be considered.

Limitations

Despite promising results, our study has several limitations. Our study might not be representative of the whole population of health care students nor the entire population in Hungary; thus, the effects of wearing surgical and/or cloth mask remains unknown. Further, distribution of sex was not equal (the majority of respondents were female). However, this ratio is general and acceptable in the field of health care in higher education in Hungary. In our study, simple randomization method was used which can cause some biases in allocation of participants. Therefore, permuted block randomization could be more reliable. Since only a 2-min-long continuous CCO-CPR session was measured, we do not have information about further and later effects (e.g. higher level of fatigue, lack of other rescuer, not optimal surface, etc.). However, we chose this time interval because in the current ERC guidelines changing the rescuer is recommended every 2 min. This study did not establish a control group to measure the effectiveness of students’ CC without wearing masks, which would be a useful comparison for further analysis. Nonetheless, wearing a mask is strongly recommended during the pandemic. While a CPR manikin was used in our study, the actual CPR effectiveness of these students in a real cardiac arrest situation remains unknown. We did not use any feedback device which could improve the quality.

Conclusion

In conclusion, according to the results of our study, the effectiveness of CC was non-inferior when wearing cloth mask compared to wearing surgical mask. However, the effectiveness of CC decreased significantly in both groups during the 2-min CCO-CPR session and did not reach the appropriate CC depth range recommended by the ERC. Further studies are needed to measure and improve CC quality when wearing mask.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

OHCA:

Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

CPR:

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

COVID-19:

Coronavirus Disease

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

CC:

Chest Compression

ERC:

European Resuscitation Council

PPE:

Personal Protective Equipment

CCO-CPR:

Chest Compression Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

SMG:

Surgical Mask Group

CMG:

Cloth Mask Group

BP:

Blood Pressure

HR/P:

Heart Rate/Pulse

SpO2 :

Oxygen Saturation

RR:

Respiratory Rate

CI:

Confidence Interval

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the health care students who participated in the study. A cordial thanks to all the paramedic students who helped the leading instructors with recording data.

Funding

Open access funding provided by University of Pécs. This study was supported by the ÚNKP-20–4-II New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund. The funding agency had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Emergency Care and Pedagogy of Health, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 4, 7621, Pécs, Hungary

    Bálint Bánfai, János Musch, József Betlehem & Henrietta Bánfai-Csonka

  2. Faculty of Health Sciences Institute of Emergency Care and Pedagogy of Health, University of Pécs, Jókai Mór street 14, 9700, Szombathely, Hungary

    Emese Sánta, Balázs Horváth & Dániel Németh

  3. Clinical Centre, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pécs, Ifjúság street 13, 7624, Pécs, Hungary

    Henrietta Bánfai-Csonka

Authors
  1. Bálint Bánfai
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  2. János Musch
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  3. József Betlehem
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  4. Emese Sánta
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  5. Balázs Horváth
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  6. Dániel Németh
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  7. Henrietta Bánfai-Csonka
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Contributions

BB: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Validation, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualisation, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. JM: Methodology, Validation, Resources; JB: Visualisation, Supervision; ES: Formal analysis, Resources; BH: Software, Data curation; DN: Software, Data curation; HBCs: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Investigation, Writing – original draft. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bálint Bánfai.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the Regional and Institutional Research Ethical Committee of the Clinical Centre of the University of Pécs (approval number: 7756 – PTE 2019) and Institutional Review Board approval for the proposed study was also granted (ÚNKP-II-4). All participants received detailed information about the research and signed the declaration of consent if they agreed to the research conditions and were willing to participate. Participants were informed of their right to quit at any point during the study with no personal consequences.

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Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Bánfai, B., Musch, J., Betlehem, J. et al. How effective are chest compressions when wearing mask? A randomised simulation study among first-year health care students during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Emerg Med 22, 82 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-022-00636-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-022-00636-2

Keywords

BMC Emergency Medicine

ISSN: 1471-227X

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